TNF and contact dermatitis: Additionally, ginsenosides Rg3, Rf, and Rh2 have been reported to inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and contact dermatitis in a mouse model by suppressing the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) [22].