On stratifying the patients according to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) stages, MCP-1 expression was found to be higher in the early stages (T1 and T2, n = 78, signal log ratio = 2.38) than in the late stages (T3 and T4, n = 98, signal log ratio = 1.98), but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.098, t-test). Here, CCL2 is linked to cancer.