Clinical studies have found that circulating exosomal non-coding RNAs (such as miR-21 [17], miR-122 [18], and lncRNA-ATB [19]) or proteins [such as galectin-3-binding protein (G3BP) [20], HMGB1 [16], LOXL4 [21], and HSP [22]] in the serum of HCC patients can be used as independent tumor markers for HCC staging and assessment of efficacy and prognosis. Here, HMGB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.