In addition, comparison of the AF‐Adc‐Ski group to AF‐control and AF‐AdNull groups showed that c‐Ski attenuated the phosphorylation of smad2, smad3, and p38α and p38β and the expression of TGF‐β1 expression in atrial tissues. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation.