TNF and Alzheimer disease: Transcription factor NF-κB is recognized as an important agent related to inflammation in the AD brain, since Aβ1-42 has been shown to activate NF-κB in astrocytes, which in turn has led to the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as overexpression of iNOS [39].