TNF and Parkinson disease: However, another study has showed that AQP4 KO mice exhibit increased NF-κB activity and enhanced gliosis (astrocytosis and microgliosis) in chronic MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)/probenecid PD models, companying with the increase in the production of IL-1β and TNF-α in the midbrain [49].