Furthermore, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) revealed that gene sets associated with activities of DNA repair, cellular proliferation, and cell cycle processes (p = 7.4e-24) were enriched in the IgG control group, whereas pathways associated with cellular senescence, apoptosis (p = 5.8e-07) and ROS-mediated cellular stress (p = 1.2e-09) were significantly enriched in MDK neutralized tumor spheres (Fig. 3c, d, Supplementary Fig. 9 and Supplementary Table 7). Here, MDK is linked to neoplasm.