TNF and Stroke: TWS119 treatment significantly reduced the TNF-α (81.42 ± 8.73 versus 48.13 ± 6.13 pg/mg protein, P < 0.01) in ischemic mice compared with saline treatment at day 14 after stroke and increased IL-10 (21.11 ± 2.67 versus 45.93 ± 6.11 pg/mg protein, P < 0.05 and 17.53 ± 1.80 versus 44.40 ± 4.82 pg/mg protein, P < 0.01) at days 14 and 21 after stroke, indicating an amelioration of local inflammatory microenvironment mediated by TWS119 in peri-infarct cortex.