Studies in recent years have demonstrated unexpected inverse associations between Lp(a) concentrations and the risk of T2DM, i.e., an increased risk of T2DM in adults with low Lp(a) concentrations [26], as well as between Lp(a) levels and both fasting insulin and 2-h (post glucose challenge) insulin and glucose concentrations [27]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.