S1PR1 and cancer: S1PR1, when specifically bound to Gi, activates numerous signaling pathways, such as Ras/ERK, NLRP3/IL-1β, PI3K/AKT, PI3K/Rac, STAT3, and PLC, and is largely regarded as a protumorigenic factor, promoting migration, invasion, proliferation, and neovascularization in various kinds of cancer [69].