PD-related pesticide paraquat, a superoxide-producing oxidant, increases PPP metabolites (e.g. glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate) and G6PD expression in dopaminergic cell lines, inducing oxidative stress and neurotoxicity that is enhanced by α-synuclein overexpression [42, 43]. Here, G6PD is linked to Parkinson disease.