BRCA1 and cancer: Finally, although reproductive cessation could be argued to be a by-product of antagonistic pleiotropy and selection for fertility early in life [92,93], women who naturally possess an enhanced risk of cancer, due to, for instance, germline mutations in human tumor suppressor genes (also known as caretaker genes) BRCA1 and BRCA2, also have an earlier onset of ovarian senescence [94] and an earlier natural menopause compared with unaffected women (on average, 3 years [95]).