INS and Insulin resistance: One research group in the United Kingdom investigated 152 single polymorphisms in 71 candidate genes in 2003 and found ABCC8 (sulphonylurea receptor), KCNJ11 (KIR6.2), SLC2A2 (GLUT2), HNF4A (HNF4α), and INS genes having an effect on pancreatic β-cell function there by inducing insulin resistance and another three genes, INSR, PIK3R1, and SOS1 to be associated with insulin action.