TNF and colitis: Results demonstrated that DSS-induced acute colitis was accompanied by significant increases in IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, Th1, Th2, and Th17 levels (Figures 3A–F); transplantation of fecal suspension restored these cytokines and immune cells back to normal levels except for TNF-α, while different components of FMT showed a different pattern of effects on these parameters (Figures 3A–F).