TP53 and lung cancer: Lung cancer cells often harbor mutations in genes and pathways, such as the PI3K (phosphoinositide-3-kinase)-AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway, the oncogenes RAS, c-MYC, and HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor), and the tumor suppressor gene TP53 (tumor protein) (73–78).