TGFB1 and neoplasm: For example, galunisertib (LY2157299), a small molecule inhibiting TGF-βRI kinase activity (Figure 2), prevented in vitro the TGF-β-mediated down-regulation of surface NKG2D (as well as of NKp30, DNAM-1, TRAIL) by activated NK cells and preserved their cytotoxic activity toward various tumor cell lines (130, 131).