Interestingly, TLR stimulation or uptake of necrotic cells was shown to downregulate MFG-E8 expression and to reduce the impact of GM-CSF on MFG-E8 expression, thus preserving the pro-inflammatory action of GM-CSF in tumor immunity (165), suggesting a pathway countering GM-CSF mediated immunosuppression. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.