In addition, it has been widely reported that β-catenin could directly upregulate OCT4 (Kelly et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2014; Qi et al., 2016; Yong et al., 2016) and Nanog (Takao et al., 2007; Li et al., 2013; Yong et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2017) gene transcription and protein expression in multiple cancer cells and CSCs. This evidence concerns the gene NANOG and cancer.