APOE and dementia: Among dementia-free individuals, female carriers exhibited greater brain hypometabolism, hippocampal volume reduction, and cortical thinning compared to male carriers (Altmann et al., 2014; Sampedro et al., 2015) Even in the absence of dementia, APOE ε4 significantly increases brain Aβ deposition and atrophy, and decreases brain connectivity in the default mode network much more effectively in women than in men (Fleisher et al., 2005; Damoiseaux et al., 2012; Mosconi et al., 2017b).