TNF and Parkinson disease: In mouse models induced by MPTP or 6-OHDA, selective suppression of solTNF via intranigral lentiviral delivery of DN-TNF (McCoy et al., 2008; Harms et al., 2011) or nigral infusion of DN-TNF compound XENP345 (McCoy et al., 2006) or peripheral application of DN-TNF inhibitor XPro1595 (Barnum et al., 2014) could alleviate glial activation, dopaminergic neuron loss and final behavioral deficits, suggesting that blocking the solTNF signaling by DN-TNF gene transfer or novel agents is therapeutically feasible for PD.