Moreover, a high proportion of CD204+/CD163+ macrophages, as well as increasing levels of IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, and MCP-1 secretion by GC-MSC-treated macrophages, synergistically revealed a potent role of GC-MSCs in polarizing macrophages into a pro-tumor (M2) phenotype. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.