MTOR and cancer: mTOR and p70 S6 kinase are both key components of the mTOR signalling pathway, which promotes cell growth and proliferation in eukaryotic cells.28 Altered mTOR pathway activity has been noted in a variety of human tumours, including urothelial carcinoma.29 mTOR pathway activation was reported to be involved in UBC tumorigenesis and was a predictor of cancer progression and poor survival.30 p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases belong to the MAPK family and are activated by stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock and osmotic shock.