AKT1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Furthermore, abnormal activation of several signaling pathways including JAK-STAT, p53/p21, PTEN/Akt, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/beta-catenin (Gu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Tan et al., 2015; Ji et al., 2017) are involved in development of the senescence phenotype in SLE patient MSCs.