TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Inhibition or knockout of the expression of these pathways could reverse the senescent phenotype of MSCs from SLE patients, upregulate immunomodulatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10, and downregulate proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-β, IL-17, and IL-6 (Tan et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2017).