VEGFA and central nervous system cancer: In addition, gliomas display the upregulation of angiogenic factors, such as the FGF (fibroblast growth factor), TGF (transforming growth factor), Interleukin 8 (IL-8), and Vascular-Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (Benoy et al., 2004; Slettenaar and Wilson, 2006; Xiao et al., 2018).