HMGB1 and cancer: Indeed, many of the molecules released by irradiated cancer cells (i.e., damaged/apoptotic/necrotic cancer cells) are bona fide ligands for IL-1R/TLR, including IL-1β itself and a number of DAMPs such as heat shock proteins, high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) and tumor DNA/RNA fragments (25–34).