TNF and Sepsis: In line with our findings, Amar et al showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis exposed PMs from mice with DIO produced less TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6.28 Similarly, Ieronymaki et al demonstrated that alveolar macrophages from insulin-resistant mice produced significantly less TNF after LPS exposure and expressed more arginase 1.29 They also showed a reduced inflammatory response after a cecal ligation and puncture (polymicrobial sepsis model) in diabetic mice.