HARS1 and myositis disease: Previous attempts to reproduce features of anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome through immunization of mice with HARS have resulted in mixed findings.29,30 Immunization with HARS protein resulted in no obvious lymphocyte infiltration into muscle or lung tissue, yet direct intramuscular injection of an expression plasmid for HARS did provoke experimental myositis in the injected tissue.42 Similarly, our data revealed that high-titer responses to HARS in mice have little effect on pathology, yet upon tissue challenge, there is notably increased immune cell infiltration.