NCAM1 and epilepsy: Our present study demonstrates that a substantial number of PSA-NCAM-positive (PSA-NCAM+) cells exist in the human SGZ and hilus, and severe epilepsy causes structural changes in PSA-NCAM+ cells, but the number of DCX+/HuB+/Ki67+ proliferating intermediate progenitor cells is very low, suggesting that the majority of immature neuronal marker-positive neurons are not recently generated neurons, but show pathological alterations similar to those seen in newly generated neurons of rodents.