PSA-NCAM+ cells were larger in epileptic patients with granule cell dispersion (n = 5, 293 ± 149.2 μm2) than controls (n = 6, 217.2 ± 61.6 μm2, control vs E + sGCD, P < 0.01), and epileptic patients without granule cell dispersion (n = 6, 238.3 ± 92.9 μm2, E vs E + sGCD, P < 0.01), suggesting that severe epilepsy causes the swelling of PSA-NCAM+ cells. This evidence concerns the gene NCAM1 and epilepsy.