VEGFA and cancer: In addition, the effective permeation of the drug (doxorubicin)-loaded NMOFs into cells was achieved, and selective cytotoxicity of the drug-loaded NMOFs toward cancer cells, in the presence of cancer cells biomarkers (e.g., miRNAs) or environmental cancer cell conditions, e.g., acidic pH, over-expressed ATP, or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were demonstrated.