TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In addition, fucoidan not only reduces the liver MDA and NO concentration and upregulates the GSH level, but also reduces the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-2 to inhibit the production of ROS in the liver, thus alleviating the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and inhibiting insulin resistance induced by high fat diet [82].