In addition, anti-dsDNA antibodies induce transdifferentiation of tubular epithelial myofibroblasts, increase the expressions of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and increase synthesis of soluble fibronectin and collagen by proximal tubular epithelial cells, which are signs of renal fibrosis in LN [8, 9]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to renal fibrosis.