KLHL32 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The third top hit, cg25105536, is annotated to KLHL32 on chromosome 6q16.1 and we found a significant association between DNA methylation levels of cg25105536 and gene expression levels of KLHL32. The function of KLHL32 is poorly understood, however, four genetic variants in the KLHL32 gene have been associated with FEV1 and FEV1/FVC in African American subjects with COPD and a history of smoking [26].