TP53 and neoplasm: Interestingly, the TGF-beta pathway were placed before the MAPK pathway from our analysis of rectal cancer alone (Fig. 4), and the p53 signaling pathway was placed before the PI3K and TGF-beta signaling pathways from our analysis of colon cancer alone (Fig. 5), which are cancer type-specific and distinct from the biological evidence for “colorectal” combined tumor [1].