TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: This rate is similar to that found in a previous Brazilian study of RA patients (2.86 per 1000 patient-years)[31] and in studies conducted in the first years of TNF inhibitors prescribing in countries such as Italy and Canada, which reported incidence rates of 2.46 per 1000 and 2.57 per 1000 patient-years exposed, respectively.