CTLA4 and neoplasm: For instance, in addition to CAR-T cell therapy, neoantigens may be utilized as predictive biomarkers to identify tumors more amenable to checkpoint inhibitor therapy, due to the correlation between the number of mutations/neoantigens and the therapeutic response [49]. Similarly, tumor mutational burden and the presence of certain immune inhibitory molecules such as PD-L1, CTLA-4, and IDO1 can be used to predict response to checkpoint inhibitor blockade in a range of cancers, including NSCLC, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and melanoma [50].