ICAM1 and diabetes mellitus: Indeed, in retinas of STZ rats, in addition to protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and retinal thinning, CaD has been reported to exert inhibitory effects against diabetes-induced BRB breakdown, downregulation of tight junction protein expression, increased VEGF and ICAM-1 expression, and leukocyte adhesion (Leal et al., 2010).