Phosphorylation of Extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and mTOR was inhibited and pancreatic tumor size was reduced in mice if the engrafted pancreatic tumor cells were cultured in engineered-resistant starch [79, 84], which can shape the composition of the gut microbiomes. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is pancreatic neoplasm.