Specifically, upon loss of SIM2s in tumors, increased co-localization of keratin 5 and vimentin has been observed [39], which is indicative of mesenchymal and invasive phenotypes; furthermore, gain of COX-2 results in increased collagen deposition in the tumor microenvironment, which tumor cells utilize to invade the surrounding tissue and access the vasculature to form metastasis [22, 52, 53]. Here, PTGS2 is linked to neoplasm.