STAT3 and neoplasm: Our results showed a 2.226-fold (t-Test = 13.114, p = 5.83 × 10−8) or 2.681-fold (t-Test = 14.037, p = 5.19 × 10−8) increase in the gene expression of STAT3 in the primary and recurrent GBM samples, respectively, compared to non-tumor samples; similarly, compared to the non-tumor control, the median expression of STAT5A was elevated by 1.492-fold (t-Test = 2.211, p = 0.036) or 2.453-fold (t-Test = 4.081, p = 0.001) in the primary and recurrent GBM samples, respectively (Figure 1A).