TNF and infection: Moreover, the expression of selected cytokines and chemokines induced by PCN033 infection, i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CCL2, were further significantly increased upon miR-19b-3p mimic transfection, as compared to the infection with control mimics (Figure 2D), while their expression were significantly decreased when treated with miR-19b-3p inhibitors (Figure 2E).