S100B and viral infectious disease: Further, Nef itself is mono-ubiquitinated [39] and excludes SERING5 for the virus infection [8,40] and UbcH7, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, from the Nef-mediated lipid raft to inhibit c-Cbl, a E3 ubiquitin ligase [7], suggesting that Nef plays an integral role in regulating the stabilities of viral and cellular proteins, which is critical for competition between HIV-1 and the infected host cells.