TNF and central nervous system cancer: For instance, Mohammadpour et al. used recombinant TNF-α-activated MSCs in combination with RT in breast cancer model; Sasportas et al. shown the possibility of engineering hMSCs in 2 different mouse models of glioma, demonstrating potential clinical value in cancer treatment (Sasportas et al., 2009; Mohammadpour et al., 2016).