Epithelial-derived VEGF and endothelial VEGFR2 are significantly downregulated in the lungs of BPD patients (Bhatt et al., 2001), and inhibition of angiogenesis by blocking VEGF receptor at this stage phenocopies BPD pathology (Jakkula et al., 2000; Le Cras et al., 2002; Tang et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene KDR and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.