More recently, in an elegant series of experiments Nachmani et al. demonstrated that NPM1 regulates 2′-O-methylation of rRNA through snoRNA binding which is required for normal hematopoietic stem cell maintenance; Npm1-deletion in hematopoietic stem cells leads to a bone marrow failure syndrome and proclivity to develop leukemia (131). This evidence concerns the gene NPM1 and bone marrow failure syndrome.