TNF and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: On the other hand, PQ not only directly causes cellular destruction through lipid peroxidation but also leads to the production of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and mononuclear macrophages, that release inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), which in turn activate inflammatory cascades, triggering systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and aggravating tissue damage [17].