In addition, elevated levels of COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α were also detected in Aβ25-35-induced animals, implying that exogenous injection of Aβ25-35 stimulates microglia to M1 polarization which then secrete proinflammatory factors, forming chronic neuroinflammation conditions in the brain, eventually resulting in neuronal loss and associated cognitive decline. Here, TNF is linked to Mental deterioration.