Similarly to the phenotype of CD45RA− FOXP3+HELIOS+ Tregs, CD45RA− Teffs from SLE patients also showed evidence for increased expression of T-cell activation and proliferation markers, namely PD-1, Ki-67, TIGIT and CD15s (Supplementary Figure 5). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.