However, in mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), challenge with S. aureus or Haemophilis influenzae lead to loss of GATA-3 expression in ILC2 and a subsequent increase in the expression of IL-12Rβ2, IL-18Rα, and T-bet giving them an ILC1-like phenotype (115). This evidence concerns the gene IL18R1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.