Such cad-switching (Thiery, 2002) as well as reduced expression of E-cad have also been observed in cancer cases (including breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinomas), indicating that inhibition of E-cad surface expression can play a central role in the progression toward cancer (Jeanes et al., 2008; Gall and Frampton, 2013). Here, CDH1 is linked to breast cancer.