With regard to viruses as examples of other pathogens modulating CDH1 gene expression, it has been reported that hepatitis B virus (HBV) represses E-cad at the transcriptional level by hypermethylation of the CDH1 promoter on CpG Island 1 with possible consequences on hepatocellular carcinogenesis by promoting detachment of surrounding cells and their migration to the primary tumor site (Lee et al., 2005). The gene discussed is CDH1; the disease is neoplasm.