In this study we identified that MANF is co-expressed with oxytocin and vasopressin positive neurosecretory cells in the PVN and SON nuclei of the hypothalamus (Figures 3S–X), suggesting that proper amount of MANF expression may be needed for cells regulating processes such as sexual behavior, social recognition, stress response, depression, aging, and water balance of the body. Here, MANF is linked to major depressive disorder.